-en
短语suf. 加在形容词后构成动词使, 使成为, 变得：darken, weaken; 加在名词后构成动词变得有,使有,具有：heighten,hearten,strengthen; 加在物质名词后构成形容词表示由...制的, 由...构成的, ...一样的：wooden, woolen; 构成某些不规则动词的过去分词：risen, written; 用以构成某些名词的复数：children,brethren
发音
词形变化
别名
释义与例句
-
1.
Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.
习语take + -en → taken
forgive + -en → forgiven
prove + -en → proven
-
2.
Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.
古体fork + -en → forken (“forked”)
pave + -en → paven (“paved”)
barefoot + -en → bare-footen (“bare-footed”)
enslave + -en → enslaven (“enslaved”)
-
1.
Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.
aurochs + -en → aurochsen brother + -en → brethren (religious sense) child + -en → children (cf. childer) ox + -en → oxen
bee + -en → been cheese + -en → cheesen ky (“cows”) + -en → kine knee + -en → kneen eyre (“eggs”) + -en → eyren eye + -en → eyen feather + -en → feathern fox + -en → foxen horse + -en → horsen hose + -en → hosen house + -en → housen pease + -en → peasen shoe + -en → shoon sister + -en → sistren tree + -en → treen
-
2.
Used to form the plural of nouns.
方言 幽默 罕用box + -en → boxen
VAX + -en → VAXen
-
1.
When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".
white (adjective) + -en → whiten
quick + -en → quicken
strength (noun) + -en → strengthen
haste + -en → hasten
night + -en → nighten
-
1.
Pertaining to, having the qualities of, resembling, or like.
wolf + -en → wolven
peach + -en → peachen
goat + -en → goaten
-
2.
When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun).
wood + -en → wooden gold + -en → golden wheat + -en → wheaten oat + -en → oaten silk + -en → silken earth + -en → earthen flax + -en → flaxen lead + -en → leaden wool + -en → woollen oak + -en → oaken
Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic: brass + -en → brazen ("shameless")
ash + -en → ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current) beech + -en → beechen ("made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree") box + -en → boxen ("made of boxwood") bronze + -en → bronzen silver + -en → silvern cedar + -en → cedarn leather + -en → leathern copper + -en → coppern paper + -en → papern brick + -en → bricken board + -en → boarden tree + -en → treen hemp + -en → hempen
Orphan examples: line (“flax”) + -en → linen
-
1.
Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.
chick + -en → chicken
maid + -en → maiden
smitch, smidge + -en → smidgen
-
1.
Denotes a female form of a few nouns.
fox + -en → vixen (“female fox”)
monk + -en → minchen (“nun”) (obsolete)
-
1.
Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
废旧 -
1.
Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
废旧All things perish, whether man or pelf, / Should not escape but from itself;
-
2.
Used to form the plural past tense of verbs.
废旧 -
1.
Indicates the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond.
词源
From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In Middle English, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.
来源：wiktionary